Causes of Dyspepsia Across Organ Systems

1. Gastrointestinal System

• Upper GI disorders: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD), gastritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), esophagitis.
• Functional dyspepsia: No identifiable structural cause.
• Helicobacter pylori infection: Common in chronic gastritis and ulcers.
• Malignancy: Gastric or esophageal cancer.

2. Hepatobiliary System

• Gallstones (cholelithiasis).
• Biliary dyskinesia.
• Liver diseases: Hepatitis, cirrhosis.

3. Pancreatic Causes

• Chronic pancreatitis.
• Pancreatic cancer.

4. Cardiovascular Causes

• Myocardial ischemia (may mimic dyspepsia).

5. Metabolic and Endocrine Causes

• Diabetes mellitus: Gastroparesis.
• Hypercalcemia: May cause gastrin overproduction.
• Thyroid dysfunction.

6. Medication-Induced

• NSAIDs: Gastric irritation and ulcers.
• Steroids, bisphosphonates.
• Antibiotics (e.g., doxycycline).

7. Psychiatric Causes

• Anxiety, depression, or somatization disorder.

8. Miscellaneous/Systemic

• Food intolerances (e.g., lactose intolerance).
• Infections: Giardiasis or other parasitic infections.
• Post-surgical conditions: Post-cholecystectomy syndrome.